How nuclear batteries could speed the race to fusion power

The quest for fusion power has long presented a paradox: while the basic process of fusion is relatively simple, harnessing its energy for electricity generation remains a formidable challenge. Daniel Velásquez, the materials science lead at Avalanche Energy, articulated this dilemma, stating that while fusion reactors capable of energy generation exist, those that can produce electricity efficiently are still under development. Fusion reactions, which combine lighter atoms into heavier ones, yield significant energy. However, the methods to capture that energy have been less effective. Currently, the predominant technique involves heating water to drive steam turbines, which at best can utilize about 60% of the generated power. Avalanche Energy is exploring innovative materials known as radiovoltaics to enhance energy capture. These materials, akin to traditional solar panels, convert radiation into electricity but have historically been limited by their susceptibility to damage from the radiation they collect. In a significant step forward, Avalanche Energy announced a $5.2 million contract with DARPA to advance new radiovoltaic technologies. The Pentagon's research agency is particularly interested in these materials for a new generation of nuclear batteries that utilize radioactive decay from substances like polonium to produce electricity. Such batteries have the potential to power spacecraft and satellites for extended periods, and could also be critical for energy-intensive military operations where logistical challenges exist. While this DARPA initiative aligns with Avalanche's broader goals, the company is also focusing on developing a desktop-scale fusion reactor aimed at replacing diesel generators at remote military installations. A breakthrough in radiovoltaic technology could not only enhance nuclear battery efficiency but could also be adapted to improve the reactor's performance by shielding it from damaging alpha particles, thereby increasing its electricity output. Additionally, Avalanche secured a $1.25 million grant from the U.S. Air Force’s AFWERX lab to leverage computational techniques for faster materials discovery. As the race among fusion startups to reach a pivotal milestone known as breakeven heats up, the ability to utilize alpha particles for electricity generation could significantly advance the viability of commercial fusion power. If successful, Avalanche could emerge as a key player in supplying this technology to other companies within the fusion sector, a trend that is gaining momentum in the industry.